Changes in hospital nurse work environments and nurse job outcomes: An analysis of panel data
Introduction
Improving the quality of healthcare is an international priority in which nurses play an essential role; yet many countries are faced with having too few nurses to meet the needs of their citizens (Buerhaus et al., 2009, Oulton, 2006, Sermeus and Bruyneel, 2010). Nursing shortages can be particularly felt in acute care hospitals, where patient complexity and workload demands are rapidly increasing (Rechel et al., 2009). At the same time, hospital nurses in many countries have been identified as having high levels of dissatisfaction and burnout, while many intend to leave their current job (Aiken et al., 2012, Estryn-Behar et al., 2007). One strategy that has been suggested to alleviate nursing shortages is the promotion of organizational efforts to improve recruitment and retention of staff (Van den Heede et al., 2011).
A number of studies have shown that the environment in which nurses work, a modifiable organizational feature of hospitals, is an important determinant of work-related outcomes, including burnout levels, intention to leave positions, and job dissatisfaction (Aiken et al., 2011a, Hasselhorn et al., 2006, Van Bogaert et al., 2010). Moreover, the link between unfavorable work environments and poor nurse outcomes appears to be a global phenomenon. In a recent study of nurses in 12 countries in Europe (RN4CAST) and the United States, Aiken et al. (2012) revealed that the odds of nurses reporting high levels of burnout, intention to leave, and job dissatisfaction were lower in hospitals with better work environments than in hospitals with poor environments, and that these differences were similar in both European and U.S. hospitals. These relationships have also been confirmed in several Asian countries (Aiken et al., 2011b). In another large survey of nurses, the European Nurses’ Early Exit (NEXT) study found that poor working conditions were the most common reason nurses offered for leaving their current position (Estryn-Behar et al., 2010). Moreover, nurses’ job satisfaction and burnout are highly associated with quality of patient care, including mortality (Aiken et al., 2002), patient safety (Aiken et al., 2012), and the patient experience of hospital care (Aiken et al., 2012, McHugh et al., 2011, Vahey et al., 2004).
One shortcoming of this growing international evidence base is that it consists primarily of evidence from cross-sectional studies. Unfortunately, there is very little evidence that changes in a hospital's nurse work environment over time are related to changes in a hospital's rates of nurse burnout, intention to leave, and job dissatisfaction. Longitudinal data would provide hospital administrators and policymakers with a stronger empirical case to improve nurse work environments. The European NEXT survey was longitudinal in design and prospectively surveyed nurses at two points in time (Hasselhorn et al., 2006). The most recent longitudinal analyses of those data have focused on individual nurse perceptions about work-related factors and intention to leave (Estryn-Behar et al., 2010, Hasselhorn et al., 2008). In the United States, Spetz (2008) used random samples of nurses at two points in time to document an increase in nurses’ job satisfaction after staffing levels and working conditions improved due to the implementation of California's mandated staffing ratios. Spetz, however, was unable to link nurses to their employing hospitals. Therefore, it is not clear whether the increase in nurse satisfaction was any more pronounced in hospitals that improved their staffing than in those that witnessed no change in staffing, or a negative one. Our study fills a gap in the literature by exploring how changes in work environments at the hospital-level are associated with rates of unfavorable nurse outcomes.
The current study presents data from hospitals in Pennsylvania, one of the most populous and geographically diverse states in the U.S. In 1999, a survey of Pennsylvania nurses revealed that over 40% of staff nurses were dissatisfied with their jobs and experienced high burnout levels, while nearly a quarter were planning to leave their current positions within the next year (Aiken et al., 2002). We use these same data from 1999, and merge those data with survey data from 2006 to construct a two-wave panel of hospitals. We demonstrate how nurse outcomes changed in a set of 137 Pennsylvania hospitals between 1999 and 2006, and how these outcomes may have been influenced by changing work environments, accounting for concurrent changes in staffing levels.
Section snippets
Methods
A retrospective, two-stage panel design was used for this study and involved the use of two types of data from 1999 and 2006: nurse survey and administrative hospital data. There were 137 hospitals for which both sources of data were complete and available at both points in time. This study was reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board.
Results
We obtained a sample of 137 hospitals in Pennsylvania that had available nurse and hospital data in 1999 and 2006. Table 1 outlines the sample hospitals’ characteristics at both points in time. As compared to 1999, more hospitals in 2006 had the capability to perform high technology procedures, a greater number of beds, and were affiliated with a medical school.
The percentage of nurses with high burnout across hospitals decreased by about 5% between 1999 and 2006 (42.2% vs. 37.6%, p = 0.01). The
Discussion
This study represents one of the first empirical examinations of how hospitals changed in terms of their nurse work environments and the concomitant change in nurse outcomes that are strongly related to nurse retention. Our results suggest that improvements in nurse work environments over time are associated with declines in the rates of nurse burnout, intention to leave current positions, and job dissatisfaction. Although the percentage of nurses who reported being burned out, intended to
Conclusion
Using longitudinal panel data, we demonstrate that hospitals that improve their nurse work environments may expect to have lower rates of burnout, intention to leave, and job dissatisfaction among their nurses. The findings of this study are supportive of current initiatives to transform the environment in which nurses practice (Institute of Medicine, 2004, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2007). The international Magnet recognition program, coordinated by the American Nurses Credentialing
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Tim Cheney and Megan Soisson for their assistance.
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