International Journal of Nursing Studies
Volume 49, Issue 1 , Pages 15-20 , January 2012

Nursing staff numbers and their relationship to conflict and containment rates on psychiatric wards—A cross sectional time series Poisson regression study

  • Len Bowers

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 20 7848 5323.
  • ,
  • Martin Crowder

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Received 9 May 2011 ,Revised 4 July 2011 ,Accepted 8 July 2011.

References 

  1. Appleby L, Shaw J, Kapur N, Windfuhr K, Ashton A, Swinson N, et al. Avoidable Deaths: Five Year Report of the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. Manchester: University of Manchester; 2006;
  2. Baker J, Bowers L, Owiti J. Ward features associated with high rates of medication refusal by patients. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2008;31:80–89
  3. Becker RE. Staffing level and treatment effectiveness. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1969;115(521):481–482
  4. Bowers L, Allan T, Simpson A, Jones J, Van Der Merwe M, Jeffery D. Identifying key factors associated with aggression on acute in-patient psychiatric wards. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2009;30:260–271
  5. Bowers L, Allan T, Simpson A, Nijman H, Warren J. Adverse incidents, patient flow and nursing workforce variables on acute psychiatric wards: the Tompkins Acute Ward Study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2005;53(1):75–84
  6. Bowers L, Flood C, Brennan G, LiPang M, Oladapo P. Preliminary outcomes of a trial to reduce conflict and containment on acute psychiatric wards: City Nurses. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2006;13:165–172
  7. Bowers L, Van Der Merwe M, Nijman H, Hamilton B, Noorthoorn E, Stewart D, et al. The practice of seclusion and time out on English acute psychiatric wards: the City-128 study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2009;24(4):275–286
  8. Bowers L, Whittington R, Nolan P, Parkin D, Curtis S, Bhui K, et al. The relationship between service ecology, special observation and self-harm during acute in-patient care: the City-128 study. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;193(5):395–401
  9. Bowers L, Whittington R, Nolan P, Parkin D, Curtis S, Bhui K, et al. The City 128 Study of Observation and Outcomes on Acute Psychiatric Wards. Report to the NHS SDO Programme. London: NHS SDO Programme; 2007;
  10. Bowers L, Douzenis A, Galeazzi G, Forghieri M, Tsopelas C, Simpson A, et al. Disruptive and dangerous behaviour by patients on acute psychiatric wards in three European centres. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2005;40:822–828
  11. Bowers L, Jarrett M, Clark N. Absconding: a literature review. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing. 1998;5(5):343–353
  12. Chou KR, Lu RB, Mao WC. Factors relevant to patient assaultive behavior and assault in acute inpatient psychiatric units in Taiwan. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2002;16(4):187–195
  13. Coleman JC, Paul GL. Relationship between staffing ratios and effectiveness of inpatient psychiatric units. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52(10):1374–1379
  14. Daffern M, Howells K. Antecedents for aggression and the function analytic approach to the assessment of aggression and violence in personality disordered patients within secure settings. Personality and Mental Health. 2007;1(2):126–137
  15. Ellsworth RB, Collins JF, Casey NA, Schoonover RA, Hickey RH, Hyer L, et al. Some characteristics of effective psychiatric treatment programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1979;47(5):799–817
  16. Hillbrand M, Foster HG, Spitz RT. Characteristics and cost of staff injuries in a forensic hospital. Psychiatric Services. 1996;47(10):1123–1125
  17. Kasper JA, Hoge SK, FeuchtHaviar T, Cortina J, Cohen B. Prospective study of patients’ refusal of antipsychotic medication under a physician discretion review procedure. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154(4):483–489
  18. Kellam S, Goldberg S, Schooler N, Berman A, Schmelzer J. Ward atmosphere and outcome of treatment of acute schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1967;5(2):143–163
  19. Lankshear A, Sheldon T, Maynard A. Nurse staffing and healthcare outcomes: a systematic review of the international research evidence. Advances in Nursing Science. 2005;28(2):163–174
  20. Lanza M, Kayne H, Hicks C, Milner J. Environmental characteristics related to patient assault. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 1994;15(3):319–335
  21. Moos R. Size, staffing, and psychiatric ward treatment environments. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1972;26:414–418
  22. Needham I, Abderbalden C, Halfens R, Fischer J, Dassen T. Non-somatic effects of patient aggression on nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2005;49(3):283–296
  23. Olofsson B, Norgberg A, Jacobsson L. Nurses’ Experience with using force in Institutional Care of Psychiatric Patients. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;49(5):325–330
  24. Owen C, Tarantello C, Jones M, Tennant C. Violence and aggression in psychiatric units. Psychiatric Services. 1998;49(11):1452–1456
  25. Phillips P, Johnson S. Drug and alcohol misuse among in-patients with psychotic illnesses in three inner-London psychiatric units. Psychiatric Bulletin. 2003;27(217):220
  26. Quanbeck C, McDermott BE, Lam J, Eisenstark H, Sokolov G, Scoatt CL. Categorization of aggressive acts committed by chronically assaultive state hospital patients. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58(4):521–528
  27. Rafferty A, Clarke SP, Coles J, Ball J, James P, McKee M, et al. Outcomes of variation in hospital nurse staffing in English hospitals: cross-sectional analysis of survey data and discharge records. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2007;44(2):175–182
  28. Sandford DA, Elzinga RH, Iversen R. A quantitative study of nursing staff interactions in psychiatric wards. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1990;81:46–51
  29. Schubert M, Clarke SP, Glass TR, Schaffert-Witvliet B, De Geest S. Identifying thresholds for relationships between impacts of rationing of nursing care and nurse- and patient-reported outcomes in Swiss hospitals: a correlational study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2009;46(7):884–893
  30. Van den Heede K, Sermeus W, Diya L, Clarke SP, Lesaffre E, Vleugels A, et al. Nurse staffing and patient outcomes in Belgian acute hospitals: cross-sectional analysis of administrative data. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2009;46(7):928–939
  31. Whittington R, Bowers L, Nolan P, Simpson A, Neil L. Approval ratings of inpatient coercive interventions in a national sample of mental health service users and staff in England. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60(6):792–798

PII: S0020-7489(11)00269-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.005

International Journal of Nursing Studies
Volume 49, Issue 1 , Pages 15-20 , January 2012