International Journal of Nursing Studies
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 500-512 , April 2010

Promoting healthy behaviors: How do we get the message across?

Received 10 April 2009 ,Revised 22 November 2009 ,Accepted 24 November 2009.

References 

  1. Abegunde DO, Mathers CD, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K. The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370:1929–1938
  2. Adams J, Nettle D. Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: an empirical study. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2009;14:83–105
  3. Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In:  Kuhl J,  Beckmann J editor. Action-control: From Cognition to Behavior. Heidelberg: Springer; 1985;p. 11–39
  4. Ajzen I. Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. Chicago: Dorsey; 1988;
  5. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1991;50:179–211
  6. In:  Ajzen I,  Fishbein M editor. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1980;
  7. Apanovitch AM, McCarthy D, Salovey P. Using message framing to motivate HIV testing among low-income, ethnic minority women. Health Psychology. 2003;22:60–67
  8. Arora R, Stoner C, Arora A. Using framing and credibility to incorporate exercise and fitness in individuals’ lifestyle. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 2006;23:199–207
  9. Astin F, Closs SJ. Guest editorial: chronic disease management and self-care support for people living with long-term complications: is the nursing workforce prepared?. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2007;16(7b):105–106
  10. Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Education and Counseling. 2002;48:177–187
  11. Blanton H, Stuart AE, VandenEijnden RJJM. An introduction to deviance-regulation theory: the effect of behavioral norms on message framing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2001;27:848–858
  12. Carver CS, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;67:319–333
  13. Carver CS, Sutton SK, Scheier MF. Action, emotion, and personality: emerging conceptual integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2000;26:741–751
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. Chronic Disease Overview. Retrieved on November 6, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/overview.htm.
  15. Cherubini P, Rumiati R, Rossi D, Nigro F, Calabro A. Improving attitudes toward prostate examinations by loss-framed appeals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2005;35:732–744
  16. Collins S. Explanations in consultations: the combined effectiveness of doctors’ and nurses’ communication with patients. Medical Education. 2005;39:785–796
  17. Coster S, Norman I. Cochrane reviews of educational and self-management interventions to guide nursing practice: a review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2009;46:508–528
  18. Detweiler JB, Bedell BT, Salovey P, Pronin E, Rothman AJ. Message framing and sunscreen use: gain-framed messages motivate beach-goers. Health Psychology. 1999;18:189–196
  19. Fagley NS. A note concerning reflection effects versus framing effects. Psychological Bulletin. 1993;113:451–452
  20. Ferguson E, Gallagher L. Message framing with respect to decisions about vaccination: the roles of frame valence, frame method and perceived risk. British Journal of Psychology. 2007;98:667–680
  21. Finney LJ, Iannotti RJ. Message framing and mammography screening: a theory-driven intervention. Behavioral Medicine. 2002;28:5–14
  22. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1975;
  23. Fuglestad PT, Rothman AJ, Jeffery RW. Getting there and hanging on: the effect of regulatory focus on performance in smoking and weight loss interventions. Health Psychology. 2008;27:S260–S270
  24. Gerend MA, Cullen M. Effects of message framing and temporal context on college student drinking behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2008;44:1167–1173
  25. Gerend MA, Shepherd JE. Using message framing to promote acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Health Psychology. 2007;26:745–752
  26. Gray JA. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. New York: Oxford University Press; 1982;
  27. Gray JA. Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion. 1990;4:269–288
  28. Higgins ET. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist. 1997;52:1280–1300
  29. Higgins ET. Promotion and prevention: regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In:  Zanna MP editors. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 30:New York: Academic Press; 1998;p. 1–46
  30. Higgins ET. Promotion and prevention as a motivation duality: implications for evaluative processes. In:  Chaiken S,  Trope Y editor. Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford Press; 1999;
  31. Higgins ET. Making a good decision: value from fit. American Psychologist. 2000;55:1217–1230
  32. Hochbaum, G.M., 1958. Public Participation in Medical Screening Programs: A Sociopsychological Study (PHS Publication No. 572). Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  33. Hsiao, E.T., 2003. Using message framing to promote regular physical activity in college-age women and men. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(07), 3461B (UMI No. AAT 3059265). Retrieved on March 30, 2009, from Dissertations & Theses: A & I database.
  34. Jenner EA, Jones F, Fletcher BC, Miller L, Scott GM. Hand hygiene posters: motivators or mixed messages?. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2005;60:218–225
  35. Jones LW, Sinclair RC, Courneya KS. The effects of source credibility and message framing on exercise intentions, behaviors, and attitudes: an integration of the elaboration likelihood model and prospect theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2003;33:179–196
  36. Jones LW, Sinclair RC, Rhodes RE, Courneya KS. Promoting exercise behaviour: an integration of persuasion theories and the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2004;9:505–521
  37. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47:263–291
  38. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Choice, values, and frames. American Psychologist. 1984;39:341–350
  39. Kalichman SC, Coley B. Context framing to enhance HIV-antibody-testing messages targeted to African American women. Health Psychology. 1995;14:247–254
  40. Keeney RL, Raiffa H. Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs. New York: Wiley; 1976;
  41. Kees, J., 2007. Consideration of future consequences as a moderator of temporal framing and regulatory focus in a health domain. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68(04), A. (UMI No. AAT 3262980). Retrieved on March 30, 2009, from Dissertations & Theses: A & I database.
  42. Keller PA. Regulatory focus and efficacy of health messages. Journal of Consumer Research. 2006;33:109–114
  43. Kim YM, Heerey M, Kols A. Factors that enable nurse–patient communication in a family planning context: a positive deviance study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2008;45:1411–1421
  44. Kreuter MW, Wray RJ. Tailored and targeted health communication: strategies for enhancing information relevance. American Journal of Health Behavior. 2003;27(Suppl. 3):S227–S232
  45. Kreuter MW, Bull FC, Clark EM, Oswald DL. Understanding how people process health information: a comparison of tailored and nontailored weight-loss materials. Health Psychology. 1999;18:487–494
  46. Kroll, E., 2005. The effects of message framing and gender on physical exercise communications to high school students. Dissertation Abstracts International, 66(01), 587B (UMI No. AAT 3161768). Retrieved on March 30, 2009, from Dissertations & Theses: A & I database.
  47. Kühberger A. The influence of framing on risky decisions: a meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1998;75:23–55
  48. Lalor KM, Hailey BJ. The effects of message framing and feelings of susceptibility to breast cancer on reported frequency of breast self-examination. International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 1990;10:183–192
  49. Latimer AE, Katulak NA, Mowad L, Salovey P. Motivating cancer prevention and early detection behaviors using psychologically tailored messages. Journal of Health Communication. 2005;10:137–155
  50. Latimer AE, Salovey P, Rothman AJ. The effectiveness of gain-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behavior: is all hope lost?. Journal of Health Communication. 2007;12:645–649
  51. Latimer AE, Rivers SE, Rench TA, Katulak NA, Hicks A, Hodorowski JK, et al. A field experiment testing the utility of regulatory fit messages for promoting physical activity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2008;44:826–832
  52. Latimer AE, Williams-Piehota P, Katulak NA, Cox A, Mowad L, Higgins ET, et al. Promoting fruit and vegetable intake through messages tailored to individual differences in regulatory focus. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2008;35:363–369
  53. Lauver D, Rubin M. Message framing, dispositional optimism, and follow-up for abnormal Papanicolaou tests. Research in Nursing & Health. 1990;13:199–207
  54. Lee AY, Aaker JL. Bringing the frame into focus: the influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2004;86:205–218
  55. Levin IP, Schneider SL, Gaeth GJ. All frames are not created equal: a typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1998;76(2):149–188
  56. Mann T, Sherman D, Updegraff J. Dispositional motivations and message framing: a test of the congruency hypothesis in college students. Health Psychology. 2004;23:330–334
  57. Matarazzo JD. Behavioral health and behavioral medicine: frontiers for a new health psychology. American Psychologist. 1980;35:807–817
  58. Matarazzo JD. Behavioral health's challenge to academic, scientific, and professional psychology. American Psychologist. 1982;37:1–14
  59. McCall LA, Martin Ginis KA. The effects of message framing on exercise adherence and health beliefs among patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research. 2004;9:122–135
  60. McElroy T, Seta JJ. Framing effects: an analytic–holistic perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2003;39:610–617
  61. Meyerowitz BE, Chaiken S. The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1987;52:500–510
  62. Meyers-Levy J, Maheswaran D. Exploring message framing outcomes when systematic, heuristic, or both types of processing occur. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2004;14:159–167
  63. Moorman M, van den Putte B. The influence of message framing, intention to quit smoking, and nicotine dependence on the persuasiveness of smoking cessation messages. Addictive Behaviors. 2008;33:1267–1275
  64. Myers, R.E., Beckstead, J.W. Health psychology and its applications to nursing research, education, and practice, unpublished manuscript.
  65. O’Connor DB, Warttig S, Conner M, Lawton R. Raising awareness of hypertension risk through a web-based framing intervention: does consideration of future consequences make a difference?. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2009;14:213–219
  66. O’Keefe DJ, Jensen JD. The advantages of compliance or the disadvantages of noncompliance? A meta-analytic review of the relative persuasive effectiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages. Communication Yearbook. 2006;30:1–43
  67. O’Keefe DJ, Jensen JD. The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed loss-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behaviors: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Health Communication. 2007;12:623–644
  68. Orbell S, Hagger M. Temporal framing and the decision to take part in type 2 diabetes screening: effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on persuasion. Health Psychology. 2006;25:537–548
  69. Orbell S, Kyriakaki M. Temporal framing and persuasion to adopt preventive health behavior: moderating effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on sunscreen use. Health Psychology. 2008;27:770–779
  70. Orbell S, Perugini M, Rakow T. Individual differences in sensitivity to health communications: consideration of future consequences. Health Psychology. 2004;23:388–396
  71. Ouellette JA, Hessling R, Gibbons FX, Reis-Bergan M, Gerrard M. Using images to increase exercise behavior: prototypes versus possible selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2009;31:610–620
  72. Pender NJ. Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1982;
  73. Petty RE, Cacioppo JT. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In:  Berkowitz L editors. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 19:New York: Academic Press; 1986;p. 123–205
  74. Rew L, Fouladi RT, Yockey RD. Sexual health practices of homeless youth. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2002;34:139–145
  75. Robberson M, Rogers RW. Beyond fear appeals: negative and positive persuasive appeals to health and self-esteem. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1988;18:277–287
  76. Rodin J, Salovey P. Health psychology. Annual Review of Psychology. 1989;40:533–579
  77. Rogers RW. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology. 1975;91:93–114
  78. Rosenstock IM. What research in motivation suggests for public health. American Journal of Public Health. 1960;50:295–302
  79. Rothman AJ, Salovey P. Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: the role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin. 1997;121:3–19
  80. Rothman AJ, Salovey P, Antone C, Keough K, Martin CD. The influence of message framing on intentions to perform health behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1993;29:408–433
  81. Rothman AJ, Martino SC, Bedell BT, Detweiler JB, Salovey P. The systematic influence of gain- and loss-framed messages on interest in and use of different types of health behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1999;25:1355–1369
  82. Rothman AJ, Bartels RD, Wlaschin J, Salovey P. The strategic use of gain- and loss-framed messages to promote healthy behavior: how theory can inform practice. Journal of Communication. 2006;56:S202–S220
  83. Rothman AJ, Wlaschin JT, Bartels RD, Latimer A, Salovey P. How persons and situations regulate message framing effects: the study of health behavior. In:  Elliot AJ editors. Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation. New York: Psychology Press; 2008;p. 475–486
  84. Russell KM, Champion VL, Perkins SM. Development of cultural belief scales for mammography screening. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2003;30:633–640
  85. Russell KM, Perkins SM, Zollinger TW, Champion VL. Sociocultural context of mammography screening use. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2006;33:105–112
  86. Salovey P. Promoting prevention and detection: psychologically tailoring and framing messages about health. In:  Bibace R,  Laird JD,  Noller KL,  Valsiner J editor. Science and Medicine in Dialogue: Thinking through Particulars and Universals. Westport, CT: Praeger; 2005;p. 17–42
  87. Sanders SA. Development of a tool to measure subjective time experience. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 1986;35:178–182
  88. Sherman DK, Mann T, Updegraff JA. Approach/avoidance motivation, message framing, and health behavior: understanding the congruency effect. Motivation and Emotion. 2006;30:165–169
  89. Shin YH, Hur HK, Pender NJ, Jang HJ, Kim M-S. Exercise self-efficacy, exercise benefits and barriers, and commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean women with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2006;43:3–10
  90. Strathman A, Gleicher F, Boninger DS, Edwards CS. The consideration of future consequences: weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;66:742–752
  91. Strumpf NE. Probing the temporal world of the elderly. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 1987;24:201–214
  92. Taylor SE. Health Psychology. 5th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003;
  93. Toll BA, Salovey P, O’Malley SS, Mazure CM, Latimer A, McKee SA. Message framing for smoking cessation: the interaction of risk perceptions and gender. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2008;10:195–200
  94. Tversky A, Kahneman D. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science. 1981;211:453–458
  95. Tykocinski O, Higgins ET, Chaiken S. Message framing, self-discrepancies, and yielding to persuasive messages: the motivational significance of psychological situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1994;20:107–115
  96. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000. Health communication. In: Healthy People 2010, vol. 1. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/pdf/Volume1/11HealthCom.pdf.
  97. Uskul AK, Sherman DK, Fitzgibbon J. The cultural congruency effect: culture, regulatory focus, and the effectiveness of gain- vs. loss-framed health messages. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009;45:535–541
  98. von Neumann J, Morgenstern O. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1944;
  99. Wilson DK, Purdon SE, Wallston KA. Compliance to health recommendations: a theoretical overview of message framing. Health Education Research. 1988;3(2):161–171
  100. World Health Organization, 2005a. Preparing a Health Care Workforce for the 21st Century: The Challenge of Chronic Conditions. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  101. World Health Organization, 2005b. Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  102. Zhao G, Pechmann C. The impact of regulatory focus on adolescents’ response to antismoking advertising campaigns. Journal of Marketing Research. 2007;44:671–687

PII: S0020-7489(09)00373-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.017

International Journal of Nursing Studies
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 500-512 , April 2010